Enthalpies for Different types of Reactions
Standard enthalpy of combustion (symbol: ∆c H⊖)
It is the Enthalpy change taking place when one mole of a compound undergoes complete combustion in the...
Shapes of atomic orbitals
The shape of s-orbitals:
They are the non-directional and spherically symmetric i.e. probability of finding the electron at a given distance...
Filling of Orbitals in Atom
Filling of Orbitals in Atom
The filling of electrons into the orbitals of different atoms takes place according to the aufbau principle which is based...
Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism
In an organic reaction, the organic molecule (also referred as a substrate) reacts with an appropriate attacking reagent and leads to the formation of...
Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds
Electronic displacements in covalent bonds occurs due to the presence of an atom or group of different electronegativity or under the influence of some...
Orbit Overlap Concept
Orbit Overlap Concept
According to orbital overlap concept, the formation of a covalent bond between two atoms results by pairing of electrons present in the...
Classical Idea of Redox Reactions
Classical Idea of Redox Reactions - Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Oxidation
Reduction
Addition of Oxygen
e.g. 2Mg + O2 2MgO
Removal of Oxygen
e.g. CuO + C Cu + CO
Removal...
Group 2 Element: Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals:
They were named alkaline earth metals since they were alkaline in nature like alkali metals oxides and they were found in the...
Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family
Physical Properties of Group 14 Elements
Electronic Configuration:
Elements of group 14 have the general outer electronic configuration of ns2np2.
Covalent Radius:
There is a considerable increase in...
Group 13 Elements
In p-block elements, the last electron enters in the outermost p-orbital. There are six groups of p-block elements in the Periodic Table, numbering from...