Second & Third Law of Thermodynamics & Gibb’s Free Energy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The entropy of the universe is always increasing in the course of every spontaneous or natural change.
(All spontaneous processes or natural...
Born-Haber Cycle, Spontaneous Process & Entropy (S)
Born-Haber Cycle
The entire thermodynamics process of formation of an ionic crystal lattice is called Born Haber cycle. An ionic compound is formed from its...
Enthalpies for Different types of Reactions
Standard enthalpy of combustion (symbol: ∆c H⊖)
It is the Enthalpy change taking place when one mole of a compound undergoes complete combustion in the...
Thermochemical Equation
A balanced chemical equation together with the value of ∆rH and the physical state of reactants and products is known as thermochemical equation.
Conventions regarding...
Enthalpy Changes During Phase Transformation
Enthalpy of fusion:
Enthalpy of fusion is the heat energy or change in enthalpy when one mole of a solid at its melting point is...
Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity of a system is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a system by 1oC.
where, coefficient C...
Enthalpy (H)
Enthalpy (H)
It is defined as total heat content of the system. it is equal to the sum of internal energy and pressure-volume work.
Mathematically,
H =...
First law of thermodynamics (Law of Conservation of Energy)
Law of Conservation of Energy
It states that, enegy can neither be created nor be destroyed. The energy of an isolated system is constant.
∆U =...
Thermodynamics Properties
Intensive Properties: Properties of the system which depend only on the nature of matter but not on the quantity of...
Thermodynamics: Introduction
It is the study of the flow of energy. It encompasses the study of the flow of heat as well as mass.
Thermodynamics terminology
System: The...