Shapes of atomic orbitals
The shape of s-orbitals:
They are the non-directional and spherically symmetric i.e. probability of finding the electron at a given distance...
Quantum numbers
Quantum numbers
There are a set of four quantum numbers which specify the energy, size, shape and orientation of an orbital. To specify an orbital...
Schrodinger’s equation
Classical mechanics: is based on Newton’s laws of motion. It successfully describes the motion of macroscopic particles but fails in the case of microscopic...
Dual behaviour of matter & Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Dual behaviour of matter (de Broglie Equation)
de Broglie proposed that matter should also exhibit dual behaviour i.e. both particle and wave like properties.
where p...
Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
Note: This model is applicable to H-atom or H-like species like He+, Li2+, Be3+.
Postulates:
An atom consists...
Atomic Number and Mass Number, Isotopes and Isobars
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic Number (Z):
The number of protons present in the nucleus is equal to the atomic number (Moseley 1913).
Atomic Number (Z)=...
Atom and Atomic Models
Atom
Atom is the smallest indivisible particle of the matter. Atom is made of electron, proton and neutrons.
Electron was discovered using cathode ray discharge tube...
Stoichiometry and Stoichiometry Calculations
The word ‘stoichiometry’ is derived from two Greek words – Stoicheion (meaning element) and metron (meaning measure).
...
Mole Concept
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The origin of the idea that matter is composed of small indivisible particles called ‘a-Tomio’ (meaning — indivisible). In 1808, Dalton published...
Laws of Chemical Combinations
Laws of Chemical Combinations
The combination of elements to form compounds is governed by the following five basic laws.
Law of conservative...